popelnukh

Вчера обедала на кухне и в комнате смотрели тв 3 мои шотландские соседки: будующий фармацевт, будующий микробиолог и будующий учитель начальных классов. Будующий микробиолого читала флаер, затем сделала комментарий на счёт oxygen bar, вроде, что за ерундистика. Я ей объяснила, что есть кислородные бары, в которых ты можешь дышать чистым кислородом. Будующий учитель начальных классов спросила: зачем? мы же им дышим бесплатно. Я повторила, что в баре ты дышишь чистым кислородом, а это не воздух. Будующий фармацевт спросила: чем же мы дышим? Я ей ответила, что воздух на 78 процентов состоит из азота, 20- кислорода и других газов. Поняв, что перевернула мировоззрение будующего учителя начальных классов, я добавила, что на орбитальных космических станциях ссср космонавты всегда дышали смесью газов, то есть привычным воздухом, а вот астронавты сша дышали кислородом, как сейчас не знаю.
Лица моих соседок того стоили)

 Мои новые игрушки)

                    

Если не чем заняться.

In what ways did Britain benefit from being an Imperial power?

 

Some dictionaries have such a definition for a word ‘empire’: a group of countries under a single authority. Having a term ‘British Empire’ I can assume that Britain was the authority that ruled over other countries. Crown colonies and dominions were those countries. The topic of the essay asks about benefits that Britain gained from being an Imperil power and I am about to argue about the most important ones. I state that the major benefit from being the empire was possessing colonies, as colonies were the main point from which empire imported different resources such as, raw cotton, coffee, rubber, rice, indigo and etc. Colonies helped to create trade routes. Diversity of species in flora and fauna in the rain forests of the equator belt brought new discoveries. Science found new paths to investigate and improved a lot. The enormous was and the cultural impact: from discovering the tradition of drinking tea and eating Indian curry to realizing how diverse the world is.  All the benefits of being an Imperial power were probably reflected in the Great Exhibition in London Hyde Park in 1851.

Being an Imperial power for United Kingdom was an essential impact in developing of its industry. Possession of the colonies was not the only economic advantage, but it also made the science to improve. Not mentioning the national pride of British society which could see the wealth of its country at The Great Exhibition of The Works of Industry of All Nations held in Hyde Park in 1851. The Great Exhibition was probably the best representation of all the imperial achievements. Louise Purbrick mentions in his book: ‘Initiating, rather than completing the imperial form, The Great Exhibition of 1851 fairly straightforwardly reproduced the activity of colonial commercial conquest’.[1] There was a free entry for everyone and even poor people could see the different exhibits from all over the world.

The greatness of the British Empire was in its influence and size. P. Marshall says in his book:

The British Empire was a complex, worldwide system stretching over 12.1 million square miles, roughly one-quarter of the Earth’s surface, that included territories acquired during every stage of expansion since the seventeenth century.[2]

The empire owned enormous territories. I can mention Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, India, Ceylon, Aden, Mauritius, the Seychelles, Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus. African territories- Nigeria, the gold coast, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, British Somaliland, the East Africa Protectorate, Uganda, Nyasaland, Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Swaziland, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, Singapore, parts of Borneo, Fiji, the Gilbert, Ellice Islands, The Solomons, Jamaica, Trinidad, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Leewards, The Bahamas, Bermuda... As P. Marshall notices:

The informal empire of trade and commerce and of concomitant political influence...., stretched from the valley of the Nile to the Yangtze to the River Plate in Argentina. [3]

So influence of the British Empire was large. It brings another advantage which importance is not lower that economic one: patriotism. What person would not like to realize that his nation rules almost the quarter of the world?

Amounts of land possessed are certainly impressive, but what material advantages did they bring to the Empire? The process of industrialisation and the industry itself, no matter how the improved technologies were, cannot survive and develop without consuming resources, in United Kingdom this consumption was in large amounts and was increasing dramatically.  Britain did have oil, iron, coal which helped to develop the primary sector of country’s economy, but the secondary sector, which has manufactory in it, needed raw cotton that is produced from cotton plant which simple cannot grow on British Islands because of the climate. Possession of land in climatically suitable areas such as Indian and Africa made it possible that the United Kingdom was the world’s largest exporter of cotton. ‘As long as we rule in India’, the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, stated in 1901, ‘We are the greatest power in the world.’[4] And that was basically true; India was the hen that laid golden eggs, providing cheap human labour- slaves and suitable climate conditions with certain resources. Colonies supplied Britain with sugar, tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton, rubber and many more, all of which also took part in trade.  For example, in 1810s Britain imported 105.0 million pounds of raw cotton, in contrast in 1860s numbers increased to 1090.2 million pounds. Export of cotton piece goods was 2653 million yards in 1865-1869.[5] These numbers show how essential raw materials were for British economy. Exports of cotton and sugar from were enormous. ‘Between 1830 and 1834, 46 per cent of the colonial sugar entering the United Kingdom was being produced in recently annexed dependencies.’ [6]

New lands meant new hopes for many people. Families moved to dominions establishing settlements and becoming another link in the great British trade chain. Emigration from England and Ireland was enormous. Trade stimulated shipping, road building, building of railways what was essential for progress and process of industrialisation. The wealth of Empire increased. Even the colonial wars were for the better off in a way of developing science, medicine and weaponry. And the science of British Empire benefited a lot: many discoveries took place. Expansion of colonies brought new territories and new species. Discovery of quinine helped fight malaria. The British Royal Gardens made lots of work on manufacturing the quinine powders.  George Bidie stated:

To England, with her numerous and extensive Colonial possession, it (cinchona bark) is simply priceless and it’s not too much to say, that if portions of her tropical empire are upheld by the bayonet, the arm that wields the weapon would be nevertheless but for Cinchona bark and its active principles.[7]

This meant that the British raj was stronger and India was secured with the Empire. Science worked for empire, making it more successful, opening new economic opportunities. Lucile H. Brockway states in her article:’...colonial affiliates emerge a vital capital asset, transforming knowledge into profit and power for Britain.’ [8]

Trade routes and marine power were essential. Slave trade supplied colonies with cheap human labour to work on plantations. Territories that Britain possessed provided the Kingdom with many raw materials, human  labour, cultural enrichment, new science discoveries, but not only. Economic advantage was also in having trade. Trading routes were essential because completion grew, as other countries were also colonizing territories.

I cannot forget to say that the self-esteem of a British working-man was important for its country. The self-esteem of working class was essential in stable development, as revolutions destroyed many monarchies in Europe and there was always a possible danger. Pride grew because realizing that your nation rules almost a quarter of the world is inspiring. The Self-esteem of a working man grew as he saw poorer people from colonies and slaves. The empire presented the culture of habitants of the annexed territories as poorly developed and simple, comparing to the achievements of the Industrial Britain. This growing self-esteem was essential as quality of life of the average working person was pretty low. The gap between rich and poor was big and the working class truly represented the revolutionary threat, that is why for the government it was important to make British nation believe in its superiority over some other nations and even races. Racism also played a big role in formation of people’s minds.

It is obvious that The British Empire was not the last empire of the twentieth century. I suggest that even nowadays some countries try to annex territories that have essential resources, such as oil. Over the couple of last decades the politics of the United States of America, with its superior power, were aimed to make changes in certain countries. Spread of democracy is one of the official reasons, but growing consumption of oil and its price seem to be more obvious reasons. Thus, we can see parallels between two great countries. I can state that the economic growth that needs more resources makes countries colonize other territories, as it is hard to limit your consumption.

In conclusion, I state that there were many benefits for Britain from being an empire and not all of these benefits were in growing economic wealth, but also in new scientific discoveries- geographical, zoological and botanical ones, cultural enrichment and the growth of the national pride. The important event known as “The Great Exhibition” had a very imperialistic shadow and thus by making a research on this event it is easy to understand all the greatness and complexness of the Empire.  All what is said above means that the more complex Empire was, the higher quality of life was; not of everyone’s life though. It is obvious that Britain took resources from its colonies, but we should not forget that some technological improvements were also brought to these countries.

Чем мне нравится морской климат, так это частой сменой погоды. Где-то с 9 утра и до полудни:

 

Мой курс предполагает много писанины, буду тренироваться. Вот например,

Abstract

 

The epidemic of HIV and AIDS are caused by many factors. HIV spreads in developing countries faster, because of the economic and social problems. India, being a developing, country was taken as an example to show different factors that explain the spread of HIV and AIDS. Data was taken from the reports of The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), WHO, and UNAIDS. Data on HIV is more reliable in this country than in other developing countries but still not highly reliable. Nevertheless, it helps to reflect the problem. The causes of spreading HIV and AIDS are shown. Numbers of AIDS and HIV cases vary geographically. Spreading of HIV is caused by rural-urban migrations, international migration, cultural factors, economic reform and low levels of educations. Drug use and heterosexual contact are the major routes of transmission viruses. In order to prevent the spread of the virus the government provides the population with knowledge about them.  Rural India and health service do not receive enough investments and resources should be allocated in a different way. More research is needed to be done in the future. Social and economic aspects of the problem are the most important ones.